高人教版二英語教案

Unit 11 Scientific achievement

學習目標導航

XUE XI MU BIAO DAO HANG 學習提示

話

題 about science and scientific achievement.

e a persuasion essay. 1.重點掌握與中心話題“科學成就”有關的語言知識和技能。

2.學會寫説明文。

功

能 I got the money, I would…

I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to…

I hope that…; My plan is to…

2.I’ d like to…

I’ m thinking of… 練習表示intentions（意圖）和wishes（願望）的常用句型，熟練掌握其用法。

詞

匯 likely, overseas, grasp, master, arrange, rely, failure, achieve, announce, locate 1.掌握本單元單詞的常見用法，注意其構成。

2.重點掌握並能熟練運用所列詞組的用法。

set foot, rely on, put forward, come to life

語

法 Word Formation (abbreviation) ：

ad (advertisement) 廣告

CSA (Chinese Space Agency) 中國航天局

IT (information technology) 信息技術

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公約組織 1.瞭解英語中最常用的派生法、複合法和轉換法三種構詞方法。

2.重點掌握下列四種縮略構詞法：截斷詞，首字母連寫詞，首字母拼音詞和拼綴詞。

單元要點

Word

study

neering r ificant ind titution ate p er ect nge ure te ey d age eve n kthrough cy unce ution rcomputer ly 1.工程；工程學 2.太陽的；日光的 3.意義重大的 4.人類 5.憲法 6.區域；地帶 7.私人的；非公開的 8.抓住；理解 9.碩士；主人 10.完美的；理想的 11.安排；整理；佈置 12.依靠；指望 13.失敗；失敗的人 14.把……設置在；使……坐落於；指出……的位置 15.山谷 16.商標；牌子 17.行李 18.大道；實現；完成19.器官；機關；風琴 20.繁榮期；迅速發展期 21.重大突破 22.代理（機構） 23.宣佈；宣告 24.發展；展開 25.超級計算機 26.可能的；預期的

Useful expressions tic engineering theory of gravity ear science r energy t scientific achievements something in common first person to travel in time 8.a cure for AIDS 9.a manned space ship t a company d time doing sth. store is likely that than up the late 1990s Chinese Academy of sciences in the next ten years 19.a growing number of

1.基因工程 2.萬有引力理論 3.核科學 4.太陽能 5.偉大的科學成就6.有共同之處 7.時間旅行第一人 8.艾滋病治療方法 9.載人飛船 10.開辦一家公司 11.花時間做某事12.存儲 13.很有可能…… 14.不僅僅，多於 15.建立 16.在20世紀90年代末 17.中科院 18.在接下來的十年裏 19.不停增加數量的

Useful expressions it possible for do ow one’s dreams scientists er’s degree 24.a dream come true foot in… a small company a positive effect on… on d the future with n from… excited about… located in… ribute to… the near future filled with y a boom forward a plan many breakthroughs used to do ed space flight w do n genetic project the first time ever deadly disease 20.使某人做某事成為可能 尋某人的夢想 22.頂級科學家 21.追23.碩士學位 24.一個夢想實現 25.涉足於…… 26.開辦一家小公司 27.對於……有積極影響 28.依靠於 29.創造未來 30.處理 31.向……學習 32.對於……很興奮 33.位於…… 34.作貢獻於…… 35.在不久的將來 36.充滿 37.經歷迅速發展期 38.提出一個計劃 39.取得許多突破 40.某物被用來做41.載人太空飛行 42.允許某人做某事 43.人類基因組計劃 44.第一次 45.致命的疾病

Sentence

patterns &

Communicative

English I got the money,I would …

plan is to …

3.I hope that …

4.I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to …

5.I’d like to …

6.I’m thinking of …

Grammar Word-formation:

ix and suffix

ounds 構詞法:

1.前綴，後綴

2.合成詞

Topics &Writing about science and scientific achievement.

tise expressing intensions and wishes.

n about Word-formation.

e a persuasion essay.

Language points.

1．constitution

1) 憲法the Constitution of the United States / the American Constitution

2) 體格，體質He has a weak constitution

3) 構造，構成the constitution of starch (澱粉的構成)

2．achievement (U)取得，完成（C）成就，成績（V）achieve

development government movement equipment

vt 完成 達到（目的），得到

1） By hard working we can achieve anything.

2） We have achieved success in developing the product.

3．Mankind 人類 manmade (adj) Manly 有男子氣概的；剛強的

4．in store(for sb./sth.):coming in the future;about to happen

e is a surprise in store for you.

I can see trouble in store.

5．Likely 1) be likely to do sth 很可能（發生某種情況）Our team is likely to win the game.

2) it is likely that + 從句

It is likely that we’ll go on a picnic in the forest tomorrow.

辨析：likely, possible與probable

Likely 常用詞，指“從表面現象看很有可能”

Possible 指“由於有適當的條件和方法，某事可能發生或做到”，強調“客觀上有可能”，但“實際希望很小”。

Probable 語氣比possible 強，指“有根據、合情理、值得相信的事物，帶有大概，很可能的意思”

Likely 之後常跟不定式（be likely to do sth） 而possible與probable之後通常不跟不定式；

Likely 的主語可以是人，而possible與probable的主語不能是人。

6．set up

1) 建立，成立 Set up home

Edison set up a chemical lab of his own at the age of ten.

2) 樹立起來Let’s set up the tent first.

3) 使（自己或他人）從事某職業（as）

He has set himself up as a bookseller. 他開始經營書籍。

set about doing sth 着手做 set out to do sth Set an example

set fire to 點火；放火Set off 出發，動身Set foot in (on) 登上；涉足；訪問

set foot in/on sth.: enter or visit(a place);arrive

e.g. Don’t ever set foot in this house again!

Who was the first man to set foot on the moon.

7．Private adj 私人的；私立的；不公開的

Private property Private school

a private door 便門in private 在私下，祕密地in public 公開地

8．grasp vt

1) 抓住 grasp sb by the arm

2) (= understand ) 掌握， 領會

Grasp sb’s meaning

3) n (常用單數)　緊握；把握；理解；理解力

Beyond sb’s grasp 力量達不到 Grasp all, lose all. 樣樣都要，全數失掉。 Within sb’s grasp 力量達得到

9．Master n 碩士；（男）主人；能手；僱主；大師

Mistress n 女主人 Masterless adj 無主的

Mastermind n 非常聰明的人 Masterkey n 萬能鑰匙

Masterpiece(masterwork) n 傑作 The master of the house 家長

Master and man僱主與僱工 A master in literature 文學大師

Master of Arts (MA) 文學碩士 Master of Science (MS) 理學碩士

Bachelor 學士 doctor 博士

vt 掌握；精通；控制；統治

Master a foreign language

Man can master nature.

10. perfect adj 理想的；完美的；絕對的；完全的；（動詞的）完成的

His reading is perfect.

He is a perfect stranger to us.

The perfect tense

vt 使完美

They worked hard to perfect their dance.

Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧

Be perfect in English 精通英語

11．arrange

vt 安排，籌劃；整理，佈置

1） We have arranged a party.

2） He arranged the books on the shelf.

n arrangement

(C pl) 安排；準備工作 （U，C）整理；排列；佈置

12. have an effect on 對……產生影響

Take effect 開始生效；開始實行

In effect = in fact 實際上

13. rely on / upon : depend on…依賴，依靠；信賴，信任

We should rely on our own efforts. 我們應該自力更生。

You may rely on it that she won’t be late.你可以放心，她不會遲到的。

14．make it clear （that）…表明，講清楚

e.g. She made it clear that she objected to the proposal.

She made clear her objections.

15．Failure (v fail) 失敗(U)，失敗的人或事（C）

Failure is the mother of success.

He is a failure as an artist, but a success as an art teacher.他不是一個成功的藝術家，但是個成功的美術老師。

16．come to life: back to normal state, esp. of mind甦醒過來，恢復生氣，活躍起來

After three hours’ saving, the injured man came to life.

When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids came back to life at once.

17. mark

n 痕跡；符號；商標；分數；特徵

an ink mark a question mark full marks make a mark 作標記

vt 做標記；留痕跡於；表明；批分數，評成績

a dirt road marked with footprints 留有腳印的泥路

be marked with 標着……；(人、動物等身上)具有

Her face is marked with sadness. 她面露悲哀。

mark examination papers.

18. outstanding

1) 傑出的，突出的 （ stand out ）一名傑出的學生 an outstanding student

2) 未完結的；未清的；未付的

Outstanding debts 未付清的欠款

19．Breakthrough n 重大突破，突圍；突破性的發現，成就

A military breakthrough 軍事突破A scientific breakthrough 科學成就

20．enable

en-使+able能……的

enrich enlarge

strengthen strength(力量)+ en (使) vt 加強，增強 vi 變強

they strengthened the city wall..

the wind strengthened.

deep--deepen

Sharp-sharpen

Wide--widen

21. organ n 器官；風琴；機構，機關

The eyes are the organ of sight.

state organs

a government organ

adj organic 有機物的；有機體的

n organism (C)生物，有機體，有機組織

vt organize 組織

N organization 團體，機構，組織

22. put forward 提出（建議、意見）；推薦，提名

He put forward a better plan.

We put her forward as chairman of the committee.

23. aim (sth) at sth/doing sth (把……)瞄準；目的在於；企圖

He aimed his gun at the target.

Those girls worked out every morning, aiming at losing weight.

知識點講解

1． You and your team are working on a cure for Aids. 你和你的隊員正在從事艾滋病的治療工作。

（1）work on “從事於（某項工作）”；“設法説服” eg:

They worked on the old car late into the night. 他們修這輛舊汽車一直修到深夜。

What are you doing? We are working on some wood-cuts. 你們在幹什麼呀？我們正在創作一些木刻。

Can you work on him to change his mind?你能説服他改變主意嗎？

（2）work at “學習，研究，致力於……” eg:

They have worked at this subject for many years. 他們研究這門科學好多年了。

（3）work out 做出；算出；設計出 eg:

This problem will not work out. 這道題算不出來。

They have worked out a method of sending a spacecraft to Mars.

他們已經設計出一種向火星發射宇宙飛船的方法。

2．extremely adv. to a very high degree 極端地；極度地 eg:

It was an extremely difficult and dangerous task. 這是一項極度困難和危險的工作。

extreme adj. reaching the highest degree 極度的 eg:

extreme patience/kindness 極度的耐心/仁慈 in extreme pain 在極度痛苦中

3． cure (1)n. ①[C] curing or being cured 治療；治癒。 eg:

His cure took six months. 他的病花了六個月治療。

②[C]substance or treatment which cures 治療的藥物；治療法 eg:

Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 迄今對癌症有治療方法嗎？

（2）vt. & vi. bring sb. back to health; get rid of one’s illness/habits eg:

This medicine will cure your headache. 這藥可以治好你的頭痛。

A few days’ rest will cure you. 休息幾天你就痊癒了。

③（詞組） cure sb. of one’s illness or bad habits 治癒疾病，改掉壞習慣 eg:

Moving to the country cured her of asthma. 搬到鄉下她的哮喘病就好了。

He was cured of his habit of smoking. 他改掉了吸煙的壞習慣。

4． You are working on sending a manned spaceship to Mars. 你正在從事向火星發射載人宇宙飛船的工作。

（1）manned adj. (of machines esp. in space) having men on board （飛船等）載人的 eg:

the development of manned from unmanned space craft從無人向載人飛船的發展

（2）man-made adj. produced by the work of men; not found in nature 人造的 eg:

The lake is a man-made one. 這是個人工湖。

We have sent up many man-made satellites. 我們發射了多少顆人造衞星。

生詞和詞組

1．likely adj. (1) that is expected 很可能發生的；有希望的 eg:

Is he likely to win? 他有可能獲勝嗎？

The most likely result is a draw. 最可能的結果是不分勝負。

(2)that seems reasonable, suitable or right for a purpose 似乎合理的 eg:

That’s a likely excuse. 那似乎是個合理的藉口。

(3)be likely to do… 很可能會……

It’s likely that… 可能會（有，發生）…… eg:

He is not likely to succeed. 他大概不會成功。

It is likely that he will be late. =He is likely to be late. 他可能會遲到。

2． grasp vt. , vi. & n.

(1)v. ①seize firmly with hand(s) or arm(s) 抓住；抱住；緊握 eg:

The boy grasped his mother’s hand firmly. 那個小男孩緊握住媽媽的手。

He grasped the rope and pulled it. 他抓緊繩子用力拉。

②understand with the mind 領悟；理解 eg:

I couldn’t grasp the teacher’s meaning. 我沒領悟老師的意思。

(2)n. firm hold or grip; power of grasping 緊握；抓緊；領悟力 eg:

He doesn’t have a thorough grasp of the problem. 他沒有徹底理解這個問題。

(3)短語：beyond/within a person’s grasp 為某人所不能/能抓到的；為某人所不能/能理解的。

3． master vt. , vi & n.

(1) vt. ①become the master of; overcome 成為……的主人；征服；控制

eg: master one’s temper/feelings 控制脾氣/感情

It’s difficult to master nature. 征服大自然是困難的。

②gain as a skill 精通；熟練 eg:

master English 精通英語 master foreign affairs 精通外交事務

He never mastered the art of the public speaking. 他從未掌握當眾演講的藝術。

(2)n. ①man who has others working for him 主人，僱主

②male head of a household 家裏的男主人

③captain of a merchant ship 商船的船長

④male teacher 男教師 eg:

the master of the house 一家之長

the maths master 數學教師 a master’s degree 碩士學位

4．arrange vt. & vi.

(1)put in order 安排；排列；佈置 eg:

She is good at arranging flowers. 她擅長插花。

Before going away, he arranged his business affairs. 他離開之前，他把業務都安排好了。

(2)make plans in advance 預做計劃 eg:

The Tourist Bureau arranged everything for our journey to Rome. 旅遊局為我們去羅馬的旅行準備了一切。

(3)arrange+ n. +for +n. 為……安排…… eg:

Mother arranged an appointment for me with the dentist. 母親替我向牙醫預約掛號。

(4)arrange sb. to do … 安排某人做…… eg:

I have arranged him to meet her. 我安排他和她見面。

(5)arrange with sb. to do … 約定與某人做…… eg:

We arranged with his team to play a game of baseball. 我們約好和他們隊打一場棒球。

(6)arrange that … 商定，安排。 eg:

He arranged that the meeting (should) be put off for a week. =

He arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week. 他安排把會議延後一週召開。

5． failure n.

(1)[U] failing; lack of success 失敗；不成功 eg:

Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。

(2)[C] instance of failing; person, attempt or thing that fails 失敗的事例；失敗的人，企圖或失敗的事物 eg:

He was a failure as a teacher. 他不是個好老師。

Success came after many failures. 失敗多次之後終於成功。

6． locate vt. & vi.

(1)discover, show the locality of 找出……的位置，指出……的位置 eg:

locate a town on a map 在地圖上找出一城市的位置

(2)establish in a place 在一地點設置 eg:

a new school to be located in the suburbs 將設置在郊區的一所新學校

(3)be located 位於 eg:

Our school is located in the center of the town. 我們學校坐落於市中心。

(4)比較location n.

[U] locating or being located 指定位置

[C] position or place 位置；地方 eg:

The hill is a good location for the new church. 那山丘是建築新教堂的好地點。

7． organ n.

(1)any part of an animal body or plant 動植物器官 eg:

the organs of speech, the tongue, teeth, lips, etc. 語言器官（如舌、牙、脣等）

(2)organization 組織，機構 eg:

Parliament is the chief organ of the government. 國會是政府的主要機關。

(3)musical instrument from which sounds are produced by air forced through pipes, played by keys pressed with the fingers and pedals pressed with the feet 風琴

同、近義詞辨析

1．likely, possible 與probable

（1）三者均表可能性，但意思有別。possible指客觀上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；probable比possible可能性稍大，有“較為可能、大概”，指有實際依據；likely是從外表跡象判斷有可能發生的事。 eg：

It’s possible, though not probable, that he will come tomorrow. 他明天可能來，但也不一定準來。

She is likely to ring me tonight. 今晚她很可能給我來電話。

（2）possible 不能用人做主語。possible 常用於下列句型：

It is possible to do sth. It is possible for sb. to do sth.

It is possible that … eg:

Is it possible to say so?可能這樣説嗎？

It is possible for me to do it. 我可能做那件事。

（3）probable 也不能用人做主語。一般只用於下面句型中：

It is probable that … eg:

It is probable that he will come. 他很可能要來。

（4）likely 既可用人作主語，也可用物做主語。通可用於“It is likely that …”句型中。 eg:

He is likely to come. = It is likely that he will come. 他可能要來。但不能説：It is likely for him to come.

（5）impossible, improbable, unlikely 用法與上述類似。

2．catch, grasp, seize 與snatch

catch是普通用語，用“設法抓住，捉住”的意思； grasp表示牢牢地“抓住”；seize指“突然用力抓住使不逃脱”；snatch 表示迅速的拉扯動作、出其不意地“抓取”。 eg:

The police caught the thief as he ran. 小偷逃跑時被警察抓住了。

He grasped his gun and rushed out. 他抓起槍就衝了出去。

He seized the gun from the enemy soldier. 他從敵人士兵手中奪過了槍。

The thief snatched her handbag and ran off. 小偷搶走了她的手提包就跑了。

知識點補充

1．Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. 無論中國將來會有什麼樣的成就，其中許多可能就誕生在北京的西北部。

（1）in store 就要到來，必將發生 eg:

Who knows what the future has in store for us? 誰知道我們將來註定如何？

（2）in store 也有儲存着，備用的意思 eg:

The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end. 那名賽跑的人為最後衝刺貯存精力。

2． Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late 1990s and quickly became the leader of China’s hi-tech industry. 在20世界90年代末中關村作為高新科技特區被創立並迅速成為中國高科技工業的先鋒。

（1）set up-establish 建立 eg:

The government has set up a working party to look into the problem. 政府成立工作組調查此問題。

（2）in the late 1990s 又可寫成in the late 1990’s 二十世紀九十年代末

in the early 1980s 二十世紀八十年代初

（3）hi-tech= high technology 高科技，高技術

3． When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return home but couldn’t find a company where I could use what I had learnt. 當我獲得碩士學位時，我想回到家鄉，可是我沒能找到學有所用的公司。

（1）本句是一個複合句。When I got my master’s degree 為時間狀語從句，修飾主句謂語動詞wanted。wanted和couldn’t find為並列謂語動詞，由並列連詞but連接。where I could use what I had learnt為定語從句，修飾先行詞company。what I had learnt 為賓語從句。

（2）a master’s degree 碩士學位 a doctor’s degree 博士學位a bachelor’s degree 學士學位

又如：Master of Arts 文學碩士 Doctor of Law 法學博士Bachelor of Science 理學學士

4．I will never forget how happy I was when I set foot in China again and was back with my friends and family. 我永遠不會忘記當再次踏上中國土地和我的朋友及親人團聚時，那種感覺有多幸福。

（1）本句是複合句。How happy I was …為賓語從句。when I set foot in China again and was back with … 為時間狀語從句。

（2）set foot in/on 進入，踏進 eg:

She said she wouldn’t set foot in the room until it had been properly cleaned.

她説直到這屋子收拾好了她才住進去。

No man has ever set foot on that deserted island. 沒有人曾光顧過那個荒蕪的島。

5． “Relying on science, technology, and knowledge to increase economic power”- makes it clear that science and business can and must work together to build the future. “依靠科學，技術，知識發展經常”，它闡明瞭科學和商業能夠且必須結合在一起共創未來。

（1）此句為複合句。it為形式賓語，代表that引導的賓語從句。

（2）rely on/upon信賴，依賴 eg: He can always be relied upon or help. 他的幫助是永遠可依賴的。

You may rely on my early arrival. 你放心好了，我會早到的。

（3）make…clear 表明，講清楚 eg:

Have I made myself clear? 我講清楚了嗎？

They wanted to make it clear that they did an important and necessary job. 他們想説明他們做着一項重要且必要的工作。

6． …but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are coming to life in Zhongguanzun. 但是我們為所有這些在中關村富有活力的新技術和卓越的想法而感到激動。

（1）that are coming to life in Zhongguancun 為定語從句，修飾先行詞ideas。

（2）come to life 甦醒；恢復生氣 eg:

We all thought he was drowned, but after an hour’s artificial respiration he came back to life.

我們都以為他淹死了，但經過一小時的人工呼吸後，他又甦醒了。

When I told the students the good news, they all came to life.

當我告訴學生們這個好消息時，他們都活躍起來了。

典型病句診斷

1． 病句：Yufang has come to China for three years.

診斷：Yufang has been in China for three years.

點撥：come為終止性動詞，用於現在完成時時態，不能與表一段時間的狀語連用。

2． 病句：Where has he gone is to be found out.

診斷：Where he has gone is to be found out.

點撥：主語從句應用陳述句語序。

3． 病句：When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return back to China.

診斷：When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return to China.

點撥：return意思是“come back”，不與back連用。

4． 病句：I would rather you tell me the truth.

診斷：I would rather you told me the truth.

點撥：would rather 後面帶的賓語從句表示一種願望，動詞要用過去式來表示虛擬語氣。

5． 病句：The old man stays very health.

診斷：The old man stays very healthy.

點撥：stay為系動詞，意為“保持（狀態）”，後用形容詞作表語。

6． 病句：Great changes have been taken place in China.

診斷：Great changes have taken place in China.

點撥：take place “發生，舉行”，不用被動語態。

7． 病句：This lesson is more easier than that one.

診斷：This lesson is much easier than that one.

點撥：形容詞比較級前不可用more, 而可以用much, even, still, a great deal, a lot, far等加強語氣。

8． 病句：All the answers are not correct. I can’t find one correct answer.

診斷：None of the answers are correct. I can’t find one correct answer.

點撥：all…not和not all…表示部分否定，意為“並非都……”，而none表示全部否定，意為“都不……”。

9． 病句：I don’t like the way which you speak to me.

診斷：I don’t like the way that you speak to me.

點撥：在way後面引導定語從句時，可用that, in which 或省略。

10． 病句：Zhongguancun has had a positive affect on business as well as science.

診斷：Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science.

點撥：affect vt. “影響”； effect n. “影響”，have a good/bad effect on 意為“對……有好/不良的影響”。

典型例題精析

<1>Chinese arts have won the ________ of a lot of people outside China.

yment eciation

rtainment tation

解析：enjoyment意為“快樂，高興”；appreciation意為“欣賞”；entertainment意為“招待，對待”；reputation意為“名譽，名聲”，根據句意來看選B項。答案：B

<2>The environmentalists said wild goats, ________ on the vast grasslands was a good phenomenon of the better environment.

pe nce

ndance arance

解析：該題也是一個詞彙辨析題，同時也考查構詞法知識。escape意為“逃跑，避免”，absence意為“缺席”，attendance意為“到場、出席，護理、照料”，這三個詞都與句意不相符，只有appearance“出現”符合題意。答案：D

<3>Mr. Smith used to smoke ________ but he has given it up now.

ously ily

y ly

解析：該題考查詞義辨析、動詞搭配和構詞法知識。從詞義上看，hardly為頻度副詞，要放在謂語動詞的前面，首先應將D選項排除掉。另外三個詞均為方式副詞，雖然都可以置於不及物動詞之後，但含義搭配各不相同。只有heavily習慣上與 “drink, smoke, rain, snow” 等動詞搭配。故B為正確選項。答案：B

思路開拓

1.(2004年高考全國卷Ⅰ)Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to before the party.

changed change changing to change

解析：本題考查get的用法。題意是“薩拉，快點吧!恐怕在宴會前你沒時間換衣服”。get可用作系動詞，後接過去分詞，表示被動語態，如：get lost“迷路”，get dressed“穿上衣服”，get injured“受傷”，get paid“領取工資”等。此處get changed意為“換衣服”。答案為A。又如本單元課文中的一句話：The centre itself got started in the early 1980s, when Chen Chunxian, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, opened a private research and development institute.答案：A

2.(2004年高考湖南卷)I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

h e

解析：本題考查定語從句。題意是“我在一家公司上班，在這裏幾乎每個人都在等待着飛黃騰達的機會”。句中almost everyone is waiting for a great chance是一個定語從句，修飾前面的先行詞business。由句子的結構可知，business在定語從句中應是作地點狀語，即almost everyone is waiting for a great chance in the business，故引導詞要用關係副詞where。答案為C。又如本單元課文中的一句話：I want to return home but couldn’t find a company where I could use what I had learnt.答案：C

3.(2004年高考北京卷)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.

considered been considering

idered going to consider

解析：本題考查動詞的時態區別。從題幹中的is和hasn’t decided兩個動作來看，句子用的是現在時態，根據時態一致原則，可先排除A、C兩項。題意是“露西失業了，她一直在考慮回去上學，但還沒有最終決定”。可知應用現在完成進行時，表示一段時間以來一直在做某事。故答案為B。又如本單元課文中的一句話：Since the early 1990s, China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and technology development. 答案：B

4.(2004年上海春招)Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage the girl and took her away, into the woods.

ing;disappeared ed;disappeared

ing;disappearing ed;disappearing

解析：本題考查識別句子結構的能力以及非謂語動詞的用法。題意為“突然，一個駕駛着一輛金色馬車的男人搶走了那個女孩，之後消失在那片樹林裏”。句子的主語是a tall man；driving a golden carriage是分詞短語作定語；句中的and連接的是謂語動詞seized和took；因為逗號不能起連接作用，故第二個空白處的動詞與前面的seized和took不是並列的謂語動詞，而應是作結果狀語；因為disappear與man是主動關係，故用其現在分詞形式作狀語。答案為D。又如本單元課文中的一句話：In 2001, Chinese scientists announced that they had completed mapping out their part of the international human genome project, proving that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.答案：D

5.(2003年高考上海卷)The discovery of new evidence led to .

thief having caught hing the thief

thief being caught thief to be caught

解析：本題考查動詞短語lead to的用法。lead to意為“導致，引起”，其中to是介詞，後接名詞或動名詞。題意是“新證據的發現導致了那個賊的被捉”。顯然，catch與the thief之間是被動關係，故要用動名詞的被動式。答案為C。又如本單元中的一句話：The programme was started in March 1986 and has led to several breakthroughs in science and technology.答案：C

能力提升

§6.1 單項填空

theory by Einstein was later to prove true, but at that time few people could accept it.

out together aside forward

解析：“愛因斯坦提出的理論”。put out“撲滅”；put together“組合；整理”；put aside“擱置；存放”；put forward“提出；推薦”。答案：D

2.I don’t think Jack is a man to be when we are in trouble and need his help.

d for ted to cted from ed on

解析：“傑克是一個不可靠的人”。rely on“依靠；信賴”。答案：D

earthquake shook the city last night and hundreds of houses .

to damage damaged damage damaging

解析：“get+done”是被動語態的一種形式，get damaged意為“被毀壞”。答案：B

r, I wanted to return home but couldn’t find a company I could use I had learnt.

;what ;what e;what e;that

解析：“在公司裏我可以使用我所學的知識”。where引導定語從句；what引導賓語從句。答案：C

e is now in Beijing and runs a company in Zhongguancun together with some Chinese friends.

base ng be based d

解析：公司坐落在中關村，即以中關村為基地，用過去分詞based作定語，相當於which is based。答案：D

earliest influences upon children will most likely have the strongest effects their personalities.

rd

解析：have effect on/upon是固定搭配，意為“對……有影響”。答案：B

there is just one point I wish you to make quite clear.

e h her

解析：point在後面的定語從句中作make的賓語，故引導詞用which。答案：B

as the doctor , your wife is not exactly fat, but rather well-built for her age.

it s it it s it

解析：get it“明白了，知道了”；make it“到達；成功”；put it“説，表達”；mean it“説話算數”。答案：C

say the recorder costs 150 dollars. But I don’t think it’s worth much.

er

解析：“不值那麼多錢”，用that much，此時that相當於so。答案：A

I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids life at once.

to to rn to to

解析：come to life是固定短語，意為“變得活躍起來”。答案：A

got full marks in this math exam, that he was among the class’ best.

prove ed ng proved ing

解析：此處用現在分詞作結果狀語，相當於and proved。答案：D

men said the fire wasunder control, but they warned that the change in the weather might new fires.

to g in lt from k out

解析：天氣的變化可能引起新的火災。lead to“引起，導致”；bring in“引進，賺錢”；result from“起因於”；break out“爆發，發生”，是不及物動詞短語。答案：A

13. great progress we have made, we should not be conceited.

ver ever

解析：whatever引導讓步狀語從句，相當於no matter what。因progress是名詞，故前面不能用however。

答案：C

is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years.

been been

解析：此處定語從句修飾the only one，故從句中的謂語動詞用單數形式。答案：D

success you have achieved today may be for your whole future.

ssible ificant orary lenging

解析：你今天取得的成功或許對你整個人生都很重要。accessible“可使用的”；significant“重要的”；temporary“暫時的”；challenging“具有挑戰性的”。答案：B

課文譯文

中關村

不管中國將來會創造出多麼偉大的成就，他們很有可能就誕生在北京的西北部。中關村，在北京海淀區，是中國科技的新中心。它是中科院以及北京大學、清華大學等十幾所著名高校的所在地。

中關村在20世紀90年代末的時候才建為一個特別經濟區，但很快就成了中國高新技術工業的領導力量。該中心本身創辦於20世紀80年代初，中科院研究員陳春賢首先在此開辦了一傢俬人研究發展學院。在接下來的10年裏，大約有一百多家科技公司搬到這個地區來，這樣，新的科技中心圍繞着當初的中關村花園發展起來了。他們都有自己的特色，但他們也都有共同點，即:使得中關村成為一個成功典範的創新精神和科學技術。

中關村也擁有一批人數正在逐年增長的海外歸來的學子，他們抓住機會來實現他們的願望。項餘方就是在海外學習工作後歸國的學子之一。中關村實現了利用自己所學為國效力的夢想。

“我在國外求學是因為我想多看一看世界，能和我所研究領域的頂級科學家們一起工作。在國外，我從沒感到很舒適，我想念在中國的一切。獲得碩士學位的時候，我想回國，但苦於找不到一家公司施展我的才學。我在國外工作了幾年，後來我聽説了中關村，我知道它很適合我。”

項餘方和幾個在北京的大學同學説了這事，他們安排他回國。他辭去了在外國公司的工作，回到了北京。

“我非常高興，太棒了，就像一個夢想實現了一樣。我能做我想做的並且能為國家作貢獻的事情了，我將永遠不會忘記當我第一腳踏上中國的土地，再次見到我的朋友和家人時我是多麼的興奮！”

餘方現在已在中國四年了，做得很棒。他住在北京，和兩個朋友以中關村為基地開辦了一家小公司。

中關村不僅對商業，對科學也有積極的影響。現在，中關村大約有八千多家高新技術公司，其中一半以上與IT（信息技術）產業有關。該園裏也有中國電腦產業巨頭“聯想”和“方正”以及20多家知名國際公司。中關村的著名格言之一“依靠科學、技術、知識來增強經濟實力”，説明科學和商業能夠並且一定要聯合在一起共建未來。另外一句格言幫我們解釋該園的成功祕訣:“鼓勵創造性工作，接受失敗”。偉大的科學成就都是多年失敗的結晶，多年的嘗試創造以前從未存在的東西。

中關村的科學研究人員都知道，如果他們勇於面對失敗，並且從失敗中學習，他們就能夠達到頂峯。不是所有的公司都能成功的，但他們所代表的創造精神是比金錢都還重要的。正如餘方所説:“我們還沒有掙很多錢，但對於中關村所激活的新技術和偉大的想法我們激動不已”。

綜合技能

火熱的成就

中國的歷史充滿了科技方面的偉大成就。自從20世紀90年代以來，中國的科技迅猛發展。中國政府提出“科技興國”戰略；在科技方面已經獲得了許多重大突破。結果是顯而易見的。

空間探索

CSA，中國航天部，已經成功地研發了長征系列火箭。這些火箭很安全，已經用來向太空發射衞星，並且準備發射我們國家第一次載人太空飛行。

探索生命奧祕

中國在利用基因技術提高農業產量方面一直都處於領先位置。最重要的成就之一就是一種能增加產量的水稻。在過去的二十年時間裏，中國加入了研究人類身體的國際組織。2001年，中國科學家宣佈，他們已經成功地完成了他們那一部分的國際人類基因組測序工程，再一次證明中國科學家是全球最棒的。

電子革命

中國可以説是一眼就愛上了比特。互聯網正在越來越受歡迎，一種新的寬帶互聯網即將問世。中國計算機工程師們研發了神威級超級計算機，運算速度，世界第48位，還研製了第一代人工智能機器人。

戰勝癌魔

人類歷史中第一次，科學家能創造出一種戰勝癌細胞的化學元素。

知識記憶

ificant adj.意義重大的，重要的，有意義的a significant date 一個重要的日期

It is a significant change in the system.這是制度上的重大改變。

The Olympic Games is a significant event for the country.舉辦奧運會是對該國具有重大意義的事件。

Penicillin was an extremely significant medical discovery.青黴素是一項極其重要的醫學發現。

He gave her a significant look.他意味深長地看了她一眼。

be significant of… 意味着，表示……

His silence was significant of his displeasure.他的沉默顯示了他心中的不快。

The laughter was significant of the crowd’s respect for the speaker.這笑聲表示觀眾對演講人的尊敬。

ly adj.很可能的

①sb./ likely to do sth. “某人或某事可能會……”

He is likely to win.他可能會贏。

Are we likely to arrive on time?我們會按時到達嗎？

It is likely to rain tonight.今晚可能下雨。

An accident is likely to happen if you are not careful enough.如不小心，你就可能出事故。

②It is likely that… “很可能會……”

Is it likely that he will arrive so late?他可能會來得很晚嗎？

It is not likely that she should have said so.她不可能這麼説。

adv.大概，或許，很可能；通常與most, very, quite等連用。

He will very likely pass the exam.他可能會通過考試的。

Most likely his attempt will fail.很可能他的嘗試會失敗。

ate adj.私立的，私人的，非公開的

He attended a private school in town.他曾就讀於城裏的一所私立學校。

You can get a private doctor to operate on him.你可以找個私人醫生為他做手術。

This is my private view.這是我個人的看法。

He is here on private business.他是因私事來這裏的。

It’s wrong to read people’s private letters without permission.未經允許看私人信件是不對的。

I wish to have a private talk with you.我想私下與你談談。

in private“私下地，祕密地，不公開地”

It isn’t the sort of thing one should talk of in private.這不是那種可以私下談論的事情。

He can be very rude in private, though in public he’s usually polite.他雖然在公共場合彬彬有禮，但私底下卻很粗野。

p vt.抓住，抓牢，理解

He reached out, grasped my hand, and shook it.他伸出手，抓住我的手握了一下。

He grasped her firmly by the arm.他緊緊抓住她的手臂。

If you grasp the rope I will pull you up.你抓緊繩子，我把你拉上來。

Grasp your chances while you can.只要有可能，就要抓住你的機會。

You must grasp this opportunity to study abroad.你要抓住這次出國學習的機會。

I didn’t quite grasp what he was talking about.對他所講的，我不太理解。

I grasped the main points of the speech.我理解了這次講話的要點。

foot in到達，進入，踏上

I left him, determined never to set foot in that house again.我離開了他，決心再也不踏進那個家門。

She had never set foot in a place as grand as this before.她以前從沒到過這麼大的地方。

I’ll never set foot in Tokyo again.我再也不會踏進東京一步。

ure n.失敗[U]；失敗的事或人[C]

Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。

His plans ended in failure.他的計劃以失敗而告終。

It was clear that the policy was a failure.很明顯，那項政策失敗了。

But this plan, too, can be nothing but a failure.但這項計劃也只能會失敗。

Gary was a failure as a football player.作為一個足球運動員，加里是個失敗者。

Success comes after many failures.成功是源於很多次的失敗後得來的。

te vt.設置(機關、店鋪等)，設立(工廠、辦公室等)；確定……的位置

They decided to locate their new office in Hong Kong.他們決定在香港設立新的辦事處。

We located the island on the map.我們在地圖上確定那個島的位置。

be located in/on… 坐落於……，位於……

Our school is located in the centre of the town.我們學校坐落於市鎮的中心。

The country is located in the southern part of Africa.該國位於非洲南部。

age n.(總稱)行李

He did not have much luggage.他沒有很多行李。

You are only allowed to take one piece of hand luggage onto a plane.你只可攜帶一件手提行李上飛機。

They left their luggage at the station.他們把行李忘在了車站。

注：luggage是不可數名詞。

forward提出，建議，推薦

He had no desire to put forward his plan.他不想提出他的計劃。

Are you serious in putting forward such a view?你真的要提出這種觀點嗎？

The theory was laughed at when it was first put forward.這個理論剛提出時，就受到了嘲笑。

We put him forward for the position of chairman.我們推舉他當主席。

unce vt.宣佈，宣告，顯示

He phoned me to announce his decision.他打電話給我，宣佈了他的決定。

The government announced its new economic policies.政府發佈了新的經濟政策。

We have announced our engagement to some friends only.我們只告知某些朋友有關我們訂婚的事。

It has been announced that he will resign.他已經將辭職的消息宣佈了。

He announced that he would pay his debts.他宣佈他將償還債務。

Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.請告知你們班的學生明天不上課。

A warm sunshine announces the coming of spring.温暖的陽光顯示春天即將來到。

發散思維

on 依靠，依賴，信賴，指望

We may rely on his promises.我們可以信賴他的諾言。

The man is not to be relied on.這個人不可靠。

We must rely on our own efforts.我們一定要靠自己的努力。

They rely heavily on us for help.他們很依賴我們的幫助。

rely on do sth.指望某人做某事，相信某人會做某事

You can rely on Peter to do what he promises.你可以相信彼特會做他答應做的事的。

I rely on her to pay back the money.我相信她會還錢。

rely on one’s doing sth.指望某人做某事，相信某人會做某事

Don’t rely on my seeing you off.不要指望我為你送行。

We can’t rely on his coming in time.我們不能指望他會按時來到。

rely on it that… 相信……，指望……

You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.你放心好了，他會來接見你的。

nge vt.安排，籌劃，整理，佈置

I have to arrange my affairs before going away.在走之前，我得把我的事情安排好。

Please arrange the books on the shelves.請把架子上的書整理好。

She helped me arrange the flowers.她幫助我養花。

The travel agency has arranged everything for our trips to Canada.旅行社已為我們的加拿大之行準備好一切。

arrange to do sth. 安排做某事，預定做某事

I’ve arranged to see her tomorrow morning.我安排明天上午會見她。

He arranged to meet us at the hotel at one o’clock.他預定1點到賓館與我們見面。

arrange for 安排，準備

I have to arrange for everything.我必須準備好一切。

I’ll arrange for a car to pick you up at the airport.我會安排一輛汽車到機場去接你。

They have arranged for another man to take his place.他們已安排另一個人去接替他的位置。

Unit 2 Fact and fantasy

學習目標

本單元以談論“科學與幻想”為話題，使學生了解科學與幻想的區別，認識到學習科學的重要性；同時通過對法國科學幻想和冒險小學家儒勒凡爾納（Jules Verne）及其作品的介紹，激發學生探索宇宙奧祕的興趣。學習英語構詞法。在練習寫幻想短文“創造一個類似人類的生物”的實踐中，培養書面表達能力，同時拓展學生創造性思維。

單元要點

Word study

asy ue ance on ion ant e er ision anent t ge rd oner le le phrase er omena ntion ur tate her ain 1.幻想作品；想象的產物 2.聯盟；裏格（舊時長度單位） 3.距離 4.氣球 5.小説；虛構的事 6.僕人；公務員 7.鯨；巨大的人或事 8.獵人；搜索者9.碰撞；衝突 10.永久的；固定不變的 11.客人；客座教授 12.航海；航空 13.在船（飛機、車）上 14.俘虜；犯人 15.温柔的；有禮貌的 16.大理石 17.意譯；釋義 18.事情；物質 19.現象；奇蹟 20.注意力；留心 21.努力；勞動果實 22.猶豫；躊躇 23.屠夫；買肉者 24.窗簾；幕 25.嘴脣；脣狀物

Useful

expressions a sketch nce fiction the far future true make a living the foundation monster out to do sth. out that day on n with… nct volcano ead of ch for m of w light upon act one’s attention down height up 1.簡單描述；列提綱 2.科幻小説 3.在遙遠的未來 4.實現 5.謀生 6.奠定基礎 7.海生怪物 8.着手做某事 9.結果是 10.自從那天起 11.以……為開始 12.死火山 13.而不是 14.找尋 15.夢到 16.闡明某事；使某事顯得非常清楚 17.引起某人注意 18.使減速慢行 19.在高度上 20.切碎

Sentence

patterns &

Communicative

English s spent many years in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.

of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of amin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.

taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.

also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible in his own time.

their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.

sed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.

ing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper.

I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.

e unfinished, he was ugly, but now he was a living horror.

r water travel and space travel have many things in common.

Grammar Word-formation

Topics &Writing Write a short passage about man’s great dream of creating life.

語言點講解

1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法國作家儒勒凡爾納寫了很多著名書籍，比如《海底兩萬裏》和《八十天環遊地球》。

（1）Jules Verne 儒勒凡爾納。法國科學幻想家和冒險小説家。

（2）such as

①like; for example 像；諸如；例如 eg:

Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.蘭花和報春花之類的野花越來越少了。

②everything that凡是 eg:

Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.我死後全部財產除了交税以外全部給你。

（3）league n.

① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 裏格（舊時長度單位，約3英里或4.8公里）。 eg:

The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 這匹馬一天能跑240公里。

②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 聯盟；同盟 eg:

The League of Nations is an international organization.國際聯盟是一個國際組織。

2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 試試下面的科學小測驗，看看你是否瞭解得多些。

any better 更好

any adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用於疑問句中，與faster, slower, better等連用；用於if/whether之後)to any degree; at all在任何程度上；絲毫 eg:

I can’t run any faster. 我無法跑得更快了。

Is your father any better? 你父親有所好轉了嗎？

3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距離是多少？

(1) distance n. [C, U]

① (amount of) space between two points or places 距離；間距

A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.自行車騎得好的人一天可以行駛一百多英里。

②distant place or point 遠處；遠方 eg:

At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.距離六英里以外的東西很難看清。

(2) at a distance （稍）遠處，表示一定的距離，近距離或用以説明具體的距離，其不定冠詞a有時可以略去或改用some。 eg:

This picture looks better at a distance. 這幅畫遠看就好些。

(3) in the distance (far away) 在（較）遠處，強調距離之遠。 eg:

They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.他們期望着發現遠處敵人的跡象。

(4) keep sb. at a distance 與某人保持一定距離；不願與某人親近 eg:

He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他總是不願與任何人親近：

4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?

一隻氣球能走多快？一架飛機呢？還有一架航天飛機呢？

(1)ballon

①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration（用作玩具或裝飾品的）氣球 eg:

They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.昨天他們給他們的兒子買了很多氣球。

②v. swell out like a balloon 如氣球一般膨脹 eg:

Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子讓風吹得鼓起來了。

③go ballooning 乘氣球 eg:

They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他們週末喜歡乘氣球玩。

(2)How/What about …？……怎麼樣？常常用來打聽消息或提出建議，徵求對方意見，後接名詞，代詞或動名詞。 eg:

How about your mother? Does she feel better today?你媽媽怎麼樣聽？她今天覺得好點兒了嗎？

(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飛機；太空穿梭機 eg:

I have never seen a space shuttle. 我從未看見過航天飛機。

知識點講解

1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.

填寫下一頁的圖表並按他們看到的動物的樣子給那種動物作一個速寫。

sketch n.

①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描；速寫；草圖

②make a sketch of … 作一個……的速寫 eg:

He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅長作面部素描。

③short account or description, giving only basic details 簡短的陳述或素描

④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:

Please give a sketch of your plans. 請概述一下你的計劃。

2. description n. describing; picture in words 描述；描繪

（1）give sb. a brief description of …向某人簡要地描述…… eg:

Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?你能向我簡要描述一下所發生的事嗎？

（2）beyond description 難以描述 eg:

Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌難以用語言來描述。

（3）give/make a description of …對……加以描述 eg:

He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模樣。

（4）describe v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常構成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:

Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美難以言傳。

3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 為什麼薩姆需要知道時間？

need的用法小結：

（1）need作情態動詞，通常用於疑問句、否定句、條件句、whether/if名詞從句或含否定意義的句子中。 eg:

I do not see why we need discuss it further.我看我們沒有必要討論下去了。

That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.那已全部解決了，沒有必要再討論了。

（2）need又是實義動詞，各種變化和用法與普通實義動詞相同。 eg:

①They need a rest after a long walk.長距離行走後他們需要休息一下。

②I need you to work for me, young man! 小夥子，我需要你為我工作！

③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。

（3）need接動名詞主動形式，表示被動含義，這時動名詞和主語之間有動賓關係，need doing可轉換為need to be done結構，意思相同。

My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)我的頭髮非常需要洗一洗。

The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)花園需要洗水。

4. fiction n.

(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虛構之事；捏造的故事 eg:

The film was very good although it was a fiction.這部電影雖屬虛構，但很好。

(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances （作為文學之一分支的）小説 eg:

Truth is often stranger than fiction.事實往往比小説還離奇。

(3)science fiction 科幻小説

5. in the future, in future與in the far future.

(1)in the future意思是“將來，今後的時期”，但不一定就是從今立即開始，而是將來的時間。 eg:

No one can know what will happen in the future.沒有人會知道將來會發生什麼事。

(2)in future意思是“從今以後”（=from now on）。 eg:

In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今後要注意你的發音。

(3)in the far future 在遙遠的未來 eg:

It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.

在遙遠的未來，醫生有可能找到一種使我們永遠年輕的辦法。

6. incomplete adj. not complete不完全的 eg:

The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.

下面的文章是不完整的，請用正確的介詞填空。

注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含義的前綴“in-“構成的，表達與complete相反的含義。

7. work with sb.與work with sth.

(1)work with sb.意為“和某人一道工作” eg:

I like to work with him. 我喜歡和他一塊兒工作。

(2)work with sth. 意為“從事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:

Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.王教授多年從事蜜蜂的研究工作。

I would rather work with the bigger brush.我寧願用那把大一點兒的刷子幹活。

8. (1) beat, defeat, win與gain

①beat和defeat屬一組同義詞，它們的賓語必須是人或一個集體，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在戰場上打敗敵人；beat是遊戲、比賽的專門用詞。二者常可換。 eg:

We beat their team by 10 points. 我們贏了他們隊十分。

In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最後他們的部隊被擊（打）敗。

②win和gain屬一組同義詞。Gain表示獲得需要之物，它常跟的賓語有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等；win表示在較強的競爭中取得勝利，它常跟的賓語有game, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:

We shall gain experience through practice.我們將通過實踐獲得經驗。

They won the battle but lost many men.他們取得了這次戰鬥的勝利，但犧牲了很多人。

(2)beat, hit, strike與tap

beat着重“連續性地擊打”，如毆打或體罰，也指在遊戲、競賽或戰爭中擊敗對方。此外，beat還可用來指心臟的跳動。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，還可指罷工，（鍾）敲響之意。hit指“打中”或“對準……來打”，着重敲打或打擊對方的某一點。tap一般是轟轟拍打的意思。 eg:

The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麥子被雨水打得伏倒了。

The stone hit him on the head.石頭擊中了他的頭部。

It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.它（螞蟻）用前腿和觸角敲打臭蟲的背部。

It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code.

它（螞蟻）像使用一種電碼的方式一樣，用觸角輕敲對方的頭部。

9. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.醫生可能會找到一種使我們永遠保持年輕的辦法。

（1）“way”意為“方式，方法”，在其後要用to do或of doing的形式作後置定語。 eg:

Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.曹衝想出了一個稱象的辦法。

（2）此外，如果way之後跟定語從句，那麼這個定語從句用in which或that引導，也可省略。 eg:

This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.這就是他們解決那個問題的辦法。

10. believe sb. 與believe in sb.

believe sb.相信某人（所説的話是真的）

believe in sb.信任某人 eg:

I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.我相信他的話是真的，但我不能信任他。

生詞和詞組

1. bulb n.

①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 電燈泡 eg:

If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有時間的話，請換個燈泡。

②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants（eg the lily, onion, tulip） sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鱗莖；球莖（如百合、洋葱、鬱金香的莖） eg:

We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我們烹調洋葱莖作為食物。

③object shaped like a bulb 球狀物 eg:

The bulb of this thermometer is broken.這支温度計的球狀頂端碎了。

2. foundation n.

①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) （機構，組織等的）建立，創立，創辦 eg:

He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.

他把全部精力都致力於這所大學的創辦。

②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis（作為某事的）基本原則、思想或事實；基礎 eg:

This success laid the foundation of his career.這次成功為他的事業奠定了基礎。

③foundation course 基礎課

④ foundation-stone 奠基石

⑤found v.建立，創立

⑥founder n. 建立者；締造者

3. servant n.

①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 僕人；傭人 eg:

He had a lot of servants work for him. 他讓很多僕人為他工作。

②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 僱員（尤指忠心耿耿的）；公務員 eg:

He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是這個公司裏的一個可靠僱員。

4. whale

(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鯨 eg:

A whale is not a fish.鯨不是魚。

(2)have a whale of a time（習語）玩得非常愉快 eg:

The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.孩子們在遊樂場玩得很高興。

(3)v. hunt whales 捕鯨 eg:

They are whaling at sea. 他們正在海上捕鯨。

(4)whaler n.捕鯨；捕鯨的人

5. hunter n. person who hunts 獵人；搜索者；搜尋者 eg:

The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.

那個獵人那天去打獵的時候在森林裏迷了路。

6. collision n. [C,U]

①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash（物與物或人與人）相撞，碰撞，撞壞

常構成：collision with sb./sth. 與某人/某物相撞

collision between A and B A與B相撞 eg:

The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 兩車相撞造成三人死亡。

②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.牴觸；（相反的目的、看法、意見等的）衝突 eg:

Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活動觸犯了法律。

7. overboard adv.

①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 從船上落（或拋）入水中；在船外 eg:

The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手從船上跳入水中。

②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 對（某人/某事）極感興趣或過分感興趣 eg:

He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.他對年輕的女子見一個愛一個。

③throw sth./sb. overboard 拋棄某事物；除掉或不再支持某人 eg:

After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.該黨慘敗落選後罷免了黨魁。

8. submarine n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潛水艇 eg:

A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潛水艇在海面下行駛。

9. permanent adj.

①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的；永恆的；長久的；長期的 eg:

She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。

②not likely to change 不大可能改變的 eg:

She wrote down my permanent address. 她寫下了我的固定地址。

10. guest

(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense賓客；客人 eg:

We are expecting guests this weekend. 我們本週末要來客人。

(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅館、寄宿處等的人；旅客 eg:

This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.這旅館能接待500位客人。

(3)客座教授 eg:

Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.

我們的客座教授王教授，今晚要給我們作一個關於DNA的演講。

(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme（在電視或廣播節目中）客串 eg:

She often guests on a radio programme.她經常在一個廣播節目中客串。

11. voyage (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行；（尤指）航海，航天 eg:

They made a voyage across the Atlantic.他們作了一次橫越大西洋的航行。

(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行；航海；航天飛行 eg:

A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.一架飛機作航天飛行時墜毀了。

(3)voyager n. 航行者；航海者；航天者

12. aboard adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船（或飛機、車）上；上船；登機 eg:

We went aboard. 我們上了船。

13. prisoner n.

①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人；囚犯 eg:

He was kept as a prisoner.他作為一個囚犯被關了起來。

②person that has been captured被抓起來的人；俘虜；失去自由的人 eg:

You are our prisoner now.你現在是我們的俘虜了。

14. gentle adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 温和的；慈祥的；小心的；温柔的；文雅的；輕輕的 eg:

I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一個慈祥的老太太。

15. extinct adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence（尤指某種動物等）不再存在的；絕種的；滅絕的 eg:

If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct.

我們若繼續破壞鄉村環境，將會有更多的動物絕種。

②(fire or hope) ge out（火，希望等）熄滅了的 eg:

The fire was extinct.火滅了。

16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division層（尤指數層之一） eg:

Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.穿幾層薄的衣服總比穿一層厚的衣服暖和。

②person who lays sth. on… 鋪設者

17. marble

(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:

These steps are made of marble. 這些台階是大理石建造的。

(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品；大理石藝術品

(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:

She has marble skin. 她有着大理石般光潔的皮膚。

18. paraphrase

(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand將（一段文字等）釋義或意譯（尤指為易於理解） eg:

He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.他用通俗英語意譯了一篇演講稿。

(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand

（對一段文字等的）釋義，意義（尤指為易於理解） eg:

The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.該十四行詩的意譯易於理解。

19. definition [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)（詞語等的）釋義 eg:

Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.

辭書編纂者必須精於給詞語下定義的技巧。

20. misbehave v. behave badly or improperly 行為不端；舉止不當 eg:

She misbehaved. 她行為不端。

21. subtitle n. (usu. pl. 通常作複數) (esp. cinema 尤用於電影)

words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:

Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.沒有字幕的話我就理解不了這部電影。

22. interchangeable adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交換的，可互換的，可交替的（尤指不影響操作的） eg:

The two words are interchangeable. 這兩個單詞是可互換的。

23. underpants n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body（男用）內褲 eg:

He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿內褲站在那兒。

24. study law study 研究；學習；求學。 study law意為“研究法律”，law前不加冠詞，類似的用法還有study medicine“研究醫學”。 eg:

He wanted to study law. 他想學法律。

25. make a living與make one’s living意為“謀生”，這裏的make也可換成earn/gain/get。在表達“靠做……以謀生”之意時，常用短語earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:

Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爺爺靠給一個地主幹活為生。

26. …allow man to do things … ……允許人類做……, allow可構成以下結構：

allow sb. to do sth.→被動：sb. be allowed to do sth.

allow doing sth.允許做某事 eg:

Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 媽媽不允許我晚上外出。

They didn’t allow smoking here. 這兒不允許吸煙。

類似用法的動詞還有：advise, permit, forbid等詞。

27. set out與set off

(1)set out意為“出發/啟程”，表達“動身去某地”時用“set out for sp.”此時可與“set off for sp.”互換。 eg:

They set out for town at dawn.他們在拂曉動身進城了。

(2)set out to do sth.意為“開始做某事”。 eg:

When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切準備就緒，醫生就開始動起手術來了。

28. on board上船（或飛機、火車、汽車等）；在船上（或飛機上、火車上、汽車上）。 eg:

As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.我們一上船，船就出港了。

29. from that day on從那天起，“from+時間+on”表示“從……時候起”，如“from then/now/1998 on”表示“從那時/現在/1998年起”之意。可與現在、過去、將來的時態連用。 eg:

From then on she knew she would win. 從那時起她就知道她將取勝。

30. defend … against/from …保護/保衞/防禦……抵禦/免遭 eg:

The soldiers defended their country against enemies.戰士們保衞他們的祖國抵禦敵人。

It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.保護自己的孩子不受傷害是一個母親的天性。

同、近義詞辨析

1. electric與electrical

(1)electric電的；用電的；帶電的；發電的

an electric current/torch/iron 電流/電筒/電熨斗 eg:

He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他買了一個手電筒。

(2)electrical關於電的

electrical engineering電機工程學 eg:

He majored in electrical engineering in the college.他在大學裏主修電機工程學。

2. discover, find out與invent

(1)discover指“發現”某種本來存在，而以前未被發現的事物或未為人所知的東西。

(2)find out常用來指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，做“發現”講時，是指發現一種無形而隱藏的東西。

(3)invent表“發明”之意，意思是發明出以前沒有的東西，往往是物質性的東西。 eg:

Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.吉伯特發現了電，而愛迪生髮明瞭燈泡。

Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.仔細想想，你就會發現你錯了。

3. instead與instead of

instead是副詞；instead of為介詞短語，後接名詞，代詞，動名詞或介詞短語，從句等形式。一般情況下，含有instead of的句子可以改寫為含有instead的句子。 eg:

He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.

=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.他沒去上學，而是在牀上躺了一整天。

I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.

=I drank juice instead of water. 我沒有喝水，而是喝的果汁。

4. late, lately, latest, later與latter

(1)late指比預料的或正常的時間晚。 eg:

I was late for work again.我上班又遲到了。

(2)lately“近來”，常用於疑問句，否定句，或與only連用或用於as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:

Have you seen her lately?你最近看到過她嗎？

(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:

Have you got the latest news about him? 你有他最近的消息嗎？

(4)later“後來”，“較晚的時候”，也可和段時間連用，表示從過去或將來某一時間起，多長時間以後。 eg:

Later the boy found his mother. 後來那個男孩找到了他媽媽。

(5)latter用來表示兩事物之間的順序，意為“後一個/後者”，與the former（前者）相對。 eg:

Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.此二人中前者已死，但後者仍活着。

5. at the beginning與in the beginning

(1)at the beginning通常接of短語，表示“在……初”，“在……開始的時候”，它的反義短語是at the end of。 eg:

Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.在那個世紀初發生了巨大的變化。

(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“開始的時候”，不與of介詞短語連用。但at the beginning偶爾也可單獨使用，在意思上與in the beginning區別不大。 eg:

In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.起初沒人理睬他的話。

6. finally, at last與in the end

(1)finally一般指一系列事物或論點按排列的最後一項內容，或用在動詞前，表示等了好久?