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1.1 名詞複數的規則變化

語法講座

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情況   構成方法   讀音    例詞

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一般情況   加 -s  1.清輔音後讀/s/;  map-maps

        2.濁輔音和元音後  bag-bags

         讀 /z/;     car-cars

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以s,sh,ch,

x等結尾的詞  加 -es  讀 /iz/    bus-buses

                watch-watches

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以ce,se,ze,

(d)ge等結尾

的詞      加 -s  讀 /iz/  license-licenses

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以輔音字母+y  變y 為i

結尾的詞    再加es  讀 /z/   baby---babies

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1.2 其它名詞複數的規則變化

 

1) 以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變複數時,直接加s變複數: 

如: two Marys     the Henrys

  monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays  

比較: 層樓:storey ---storeys  story---stories

2) 以o 結尾的名詞,變複數時:

a. 加s,如: photo---photos  piano---pianos

      radio---radios  zoo---zoos;

b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 

3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變複數時:

a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs

      safe---safes  gulf---gulfs;

b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves  

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;

c. 均可,如: handkerchief:

     handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

1.3 名詞複數的不規則變化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth

mouse---mice   man---men  woman---women 

注意:與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其複數形式也是 -men 和-women。

如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故複數形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其複數是the Bowmans。

2)單復同形 如:

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese

li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 

但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有複數形式。如:

a dollar, two dollars;  a meter, two meters

3)集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為複數。

如: people police cattle 等本身就是複數,不能説 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以説

a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作複數用。

如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。

4)以s結尾,仍為單數的名詞,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,為不可數名詞,是單數。

b. news 是不可數名詞。

c. the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯合國是1945年組建起來的。

d. 以複數形式出現的書名,劇名,報紙,雜誌名,也可視為單數。

"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.

<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。

5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes

若表達具體數目,要藉助數量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

6) 另外還有一些名詞,其複數形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚                          

1.4 不可數名詞量的表示

1)物質名詞

a. 當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

比較: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數)

    These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數)

b. 當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時,名詞可數。

This factory produces steel. (不可數)

We need various steels. (可數)

c. 當物質名詞表示份數時,可數。

Our country is famous for tea.

我國因茶葉而聞名。

Two teas, please.

請來兩杯茶。

2) 抽象名詞有時也可數。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個現代化

物質名詞和抽象名詞可以藉助單位詞表一定的數量。

如:

a glass of water 一杯水 

a piece of advice 一條建議

1.5 定語名詞的複數

名詞作定語一般用單數,但也有以下例外。

1) 用複數作定語。

如:sports meeting 運動會

  students reading-room 學生閲覽室 

  talks table 談判桌 

  the foreign languages department 外語系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單複數以所修飾的名詞的單複數而定。

如:men workers  women teachers  

  gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。

如:goods train (貨車)

  arms produce 武器生產

  customs papers 海關文件

  clothes brush衣刷

4) 數詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

如:two-dozen eggs 兩打/(二十四個雞蛋) 

  a ten-mile walk 十里路 

  two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

  a five-year plan. 一個五年計劃

個別的有用複數作定語的,如: a seven-years child

1.6 不同國家的人的單複數

名稱   總稱(謂語用複數) 一個人   兩個人     

中國人  the Chinese   a Chinese  two Chinese

瑞士人  the Swiss    a Swiss   two Swiss

澳大利亞人the       an     two

  Australians   Australian Australians                 

俄國人  the Russians  a Russian  two Russians

意大利人 the Italians  an Italian  two Italians

希臘人  the Greek    a Greek   two Greeks

法國人  the French   a Frenchman two

                 Frenchmen

日本人  the Japanese  a Japanese  two Japanese

美國人  the Americans an American two Americans

印度人  the Indians  an Indian   two Indians

加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian  two Canadians

德國人  the Germans  a Germans  two Germans

英國人  the English  an Englishman two

                 Englishmen

瑞典人  the Swedish  a Swede   two Swedes    

1.7 名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關係,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下:

1) 單數名詞詞尾加"'s",複數名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。

2) 若名詞已有複數詞尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的鬥爭。

3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關係,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。

4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的後面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理髮店。

5) 如果兩個名詞並列,並且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'。

如:John's and Mary's room(兩間)  John and Mary's room(一間)

6) 複合名詞或短語,'s 加在最後一個詞的詞尾。

如:a month or two's absence

2.1 不定冠詞的用法

冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。

不定冠詞a (an)與數詞one 同源,是"一個"的意思。a用於輔音音素前,一般讀作[e],而an則用於元音音素前,一般讀做[en]。

1) 表示"一個",意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) 代表一類人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) 詞組或成語

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2.2 定冠詞的用法

定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有"那(這)個"的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。

1)特指雙方都明白的人或物:

Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。

2)上文提到過的人或事:

He bought a house. I've been to the house.

他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。

3)指世上獨一物二的事物:

the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

4)單數名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5)用在序數詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面:

Where do you live? I live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二層。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的東西。

6)與複數名詞連用,指整個羣體:

They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師)

They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教師)

7)表示所有,相當於物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:

She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

8)用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前:

the People's Republic of China  中華人民共和國

the United States  美國

9)用在表示樂器的名詞之前:  She plays the piano. 她會彈鋼琴。

10) 用在姓氏的複數名詞之前,表示一家人:

the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫婦)

11) 用在慣用語中:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow 

the day before yesterday, the next morning, 

in the sky (water,field,country) 

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, 

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠詞的用法

1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;

2)泛指的複數名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;

They are teachers. 他們是教師。

3)抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;

Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。

4)物質名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;

Man cannot live without water. 人離開水就無法生存。

5)在季節、月份、節日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;

We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我們從星期一到星期五都上課。

6)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞;

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那裏。

7)在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast,play chess

8)當兩個或兩個以上名詞並用時,常省去冠詞;

I can't write without pen or pencil.  沒有鋼筆和鉛筆,我就寫不了字。

9)當by 與火車等交通工具連用,表示一種方式時,中間無冠詞;by bus,by train;

10)有些個體名詞不用冠詞;如:

school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等個體名詞,直接置於介詞後,表示該名詞的深層含義;

go to hospital  去醫院看病

go to the hospital  去醫院 (並不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

11)不用冠詞的序數詞;

a. 序數詞前有物主代詞

b. 序數詞作副詞  He came first in the race.

c. 在固定詞組中  at (the) first,first of all,  from first to last

2.4 冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構

1) 兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。

He raises a black and a white cat.  他養了一隻黑貓和一隻白貓。

The black and the white cats are hers.  這隻黑貓和白貓都是他的。

2) 如後一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。

He raises a black and white cat.  他養了一隻花貓。

2.5 冠詞位置

1) 不定冠詞位置

不定冠詞常位於名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意: 

a. 位於下列形容詞之後: such,what,many,half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many a man is fit for the job.

b. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時,不定冠詞應放在形容詞之後:

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

So short a time.

Too long a distance.

c. quite,rather與單數名詞連用,冠詞放在其後。

但當rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前後均可。如:quite a lot

d. 在as,though 引導的讓步狀語從句中,當標語為形容詞修飾的名詞時,不定冠詞放形容詞後:

Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他儘管勇敢,可見到蛇還是發抖。

當名詞被比較級形容詞修飾時,不定冠詞通常置於比較級形容詞之後。

2) 定冠詞位置

定冠詞通常位於名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之後,名詞之前。

All the students in the class went out. 班裏的所有學生都出去了。

2.6 數詞

表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞,數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞;表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。

一、基數詞

1)基數詞寫法和讀法: 345 three hundred and forty-five;

2)基數詞一般是單數形式,但下列情況,常用複數:

a. 與of 短語連用,表示概數,不能與具體數目連 用,如scores of people 指許多人;

b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一組"的詞組裏;

如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他們三三兩兩的到達了。

c. 表示"幾十歲";

d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +數詞複數;

e. 在乘法運算的一種表示法裏,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

二、序數詞

序數詞的縮寫形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 

三、 數詞的用法

1)倍數表示法

a. 主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+ as + adj. + as

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那麼多。

b. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ the size (amount,length…) of…

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

今年比去年糧食產量增加8%。

d. 還可以用by+倍數,表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

今年糧食產量增加了4倍。

2)分數表示法

構成:基數詞代表分子,序數詞代表分母。分子大於1時,分子的序數詞用單數,分母序數詞用複數:

1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

3.1 人稱代詞的用法

1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如:

John waited a while but eventually he went home.

約翰等了一會兒,最後他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.

約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。

説明:在複合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓 語,them做介詞賓語,her做主語補語)

a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶?

b. -- Me.    --我。(me做主語補語= It's me.)

説明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補語。現代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這裏應為she和I。

3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換

1) 賓格代替主格

a.在簡短對話中,當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 後,多用賓語。

---- I like English.   --我喜歡英語。

---- Me too.       --我也喜歡。

---- Have more wine?   --再來點酒喝嗎?

---- Not me.       --我可不要了。

b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.

He is taller than I am.

2) 主格代替賓格

a. 在介詞but,except 後,有時可用主格代替賓格。

b. 在電話用語中常用主格。   

---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。

---- This is she.       --我就是瑪麗。

注意:在動詞be 或to be 後的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

I thought it was she.   我以為是她。      (主格----主格)

I thought it to be her.             (賓格----賓格)

I was taken to be she.  我被當成了她。    (主格----主格)

They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她。   (賓格----賓格)

3.3 代詞的指代問題

1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時,可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎?

2)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。

3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。

3.4 並列人稱代詞的排列順序

1) 單數人稱代詞並列作主語時,其順序為:

第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 -> 第一人稱

   you -> he/she; it -> I

You, he and I should return on time.

2) 複數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:

第一人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱

   we -> you   -> They

注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。

a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時,

  It was I and John that made her angry.

  是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

b. 在長輩對晚輩,長官對下屬説話時,如長官為第一人稱, 如:I and you try to finish it.

c. 並列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時,

d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。

3.5 物主代詞

1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。

物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬於限定詞。

名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當於省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構,例如:

Jack's cap  意為   The cap is Jack's.

His cap   意為   The cap is his.

2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

a. 作主語,例如:

May I use your pen? Yours works better.

我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。

b. 作賓語,例如:

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.

我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。

c. 作介詞賓語,例如:

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我説的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

d. 作主語補語,例如:

The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬於你,屬於你,屬於你。

3.6 雙重所有格

物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。

公式為:

a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:

a friend of mine.

each brother of his

3.7 反身代詞

1) 列表

I     you     you     she    he

myself   yourself  yourselves herself himself

we     they     it    one

ourselves themselves  itself  oneself

2)做賓語

a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。

Please help yourself to some fish.  請你隨便吃點魚。

b. 用於及物動詞+賓語+介詞

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。

注:有些動詞後不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down. 請坐。

3) 作表語; 同位語

be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important.  事情本身並不重要。

4) 在不強調的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞後賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:

No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意:

a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。

(錯) Myself drove the car.

(對) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。

b. 但在and, or, nor連接的並列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。

Charles and myself saw it.

5)第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。

You should be proud of yourself. 你應為自己感到驕傲。

3.8 相互代詞

1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敍述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:

It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.

顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑑的。

2) 相互代詞的句法功能:

a. 作動詞賓語;

People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛。

b. 可作介詞賓語;

Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。

説明:傳統語法認為,相互關係存在於兩個人或物之間用each other, 存在於兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多,例如:

He put all the books beside each other.

 他把所有書並列擺放起來。

He put all the books beside one another.

 他把所有書並列擺放起來。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.

 這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。

c. 相互代詞可加-'s構成所有格,例如:

The students borrowed each other's notes.

學生們互借筆記。

3.9 指示代詞

1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和複數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:

   單數          複數

限定詞:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my

            teachers.

代詞: This is Mary.     Those are my

            teachers.

2) 指示代詞的句法功能;

a. 作主語

This is the way to do it.

這事兒就該這樣做。

b. 作賓語

I like this better than that.

我喜歡這個甚至那個。

c. 作主語補語

My point is this.

我的觀點就是如此。

d. 作介詞賓語

I don't say no to that.

我並未拒絕那個。

There is no fear of that.

那並不可怕。

説明1:

指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如:

(對)That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人)

(對)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結婚。(this作限定詞)

(錯)He is going to marry this. (this作賓語時不能指人)

(對)I bought this. 我買這個。(this指物,可作賓語)

説明2:

That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時,在作先行詞時,只有those可指人,試比較:

(對) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他讚賞外表漂亮的東西。

(對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他讚賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)

(錯) He admired that who danced well. (that作賓語時不能指人)

(對) He admired those who danced well. 他讚賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)

(對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他讚賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)

3.10 疑問代詞

1) 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個:

指 人: who, whom, whose

指 物: what

既可指人又可指物: which

2) 疑問代詞在句中應位於謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:

疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk? 

    桌上的書是誰的?

   What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?

    美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的?

限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?

    桌上的書是誰的?

   What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?  哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬於美國?

説明1:

無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的範圍不同。what所指的範圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的範圍內,例如:

Which girls do you like best?

你喜歡哪幾個姑娘?

What girls do you like best?

你喜歡什麼樣的姑娘?

説明2:

Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時,可用who代替,但在介詞後只能用whom, 例如:

Who(m) did you meet on the street?

你在街上遇到了誰?(作動詞賓語)

Who(m) are you taking the book to?

你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)

To whom did you speak on the campus?

你在校園裏和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞 後,不能用who取代。)

説明3:

疑問代詞用於對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:

For what do most people live and work?

大部分人生活和工作的目的是什麼?(舊文體)

What are you looking for?

你在找什麼?(現代英語)

説明4:

疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:

I can't make out what he is driving at.

我不知道他用意何在。

Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 

你能告訴我牀上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?

Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.

你説的我大部分同意,但並不完全贊同。

3.11 關係代詞

1) 關係代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。)

2) 關係代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,並有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見表:

   限定性   非限定性    限定性

   指 人   指  物   指人或指物

主 格   who    which     that

賓 格   whom    that     that

屬 格   whose  of which/whose  of which/whose

例如:

This is the pencil whose point is broken.

這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。

(whose 指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)

He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。

(which指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)

3) 關係代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子,例如:

He said he saw me there, which was a lie.

他説在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。

説明: 關係代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略, 例如:

I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 

我過去懂拉丁語,現在大都忘了。

He's changed. He's not the man he was.

他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor

1)不定代詞有

all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

2) 不定代詞的功能與用法

a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。

I have no idea about it.

b. all 都,指三者以上。

all 的主謂一致:all的單複數由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單複數決定。

All goes well.  一切進展得很好。

all 通常不與可數名詞單數連用,如:不説 all the book,而説 the whole book。

但all可與表時間的可數名詞單數連用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但習慣上不説 all hour,all century。

all還可以與一些特殊的單數名詞連用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way

3)  both 都,指兩者。

a. both 與複數動詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數名詞連用。

b. both, all 都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前, be 動詞之後。如果助動詞或情態動詞後面的實義動詞省 去,則位於助動詞或情態動詞之前。

Who can speak Japanese?  We both (all) can.

4) neither 兩者都不

a. neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。

b. 作定語與單數名詞連用,但neither… nor 用作並列連詞,可與複數名詞連用。其謂語採用就近原則。

c. 可用於下列句型,避免重複。

She can't sing,neither (can) he.

neither 與nor

d. 如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用 nor。

If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不幹,我也不幹。

e. 如後連續有幾個否定句式,則用nor,不用neither。

He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.

3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones

一、 none 無

1) none作主語,多與of 構成短語 none of。 在答語中,none可單獨使用。      

Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

2) none作主語,謂語動詞單複數均可。但如做表語,則其單複數與表語一致。

It is none of your business.

二、few 一些,少數

few 作主語時,謂語動詞用複數,多用於肯定句。

三、some 一些

1) 可與複數名詞及不可數名詞連用。

2) 當做"某一"解時,也可與單數名詞連用。(= a certain)

You will be sorry for this some day.

總有一天,你會後悔這件事的。

A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.

某些人不同意你的看法。

注意:

(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。

(2)some用於其他句式中:

a. 肯定疑問句中:説話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時。

Would you like句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如:

   Would you like some coffee?

b. 在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時,如:

 If you need some help,let me know.

c.  some位於主語部分,

 Some students haven't been there before.

d.  當否定的是整體中的部分時,some可用於否定句。如:

 I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.

 這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。

四、any 一些

1) any 多用於否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。

當句中含有任何的意思時,any可用於肯定句。

Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小説,你可任讀一本。

五、one, ones 為複數形式

ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前,則用some, any,而不

用ones。

Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.

3.14 代詞比較辯異 one,that 和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。

I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)

我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同個)

你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。

I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)

我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

3.15 one/another/the other

one… the other 只有兩個        

some… the others  有三個以上

one… another,another…

some… others,others…

others = other people/things

the others = the rest 剩餘的全部

1) 泛指另一個用another。

2) 一定範圍內兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other。

3) 一定範圍內三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another),第三個可用the other,a third。

4) 一定範圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩餘的全部用the others。

5) 泛指別的人或物時,用others當在一定範圍內,除去一部分後,剩餘部分但不是全部時,也用others。

3.16 “the”的妙用

He is one of the students who help me.

He is the one of the students who helps me.

他是幫我的學生之一。

第一句定語從句與the students 一致。

第二句定語從句與the one 一致。

3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

1.anyone 和 any one

anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none

a)  none 後跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨使用,只指人。

b)  none 作主語,謂語動詞用單,複數均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數。

None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。

---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?

---- No one.            --沒有。

3.every 和each

1) every 強調全體的概念, each強調個體概念。

Every student in our school works hard. 我們學校的學生都很用功。

Each student may have one book.. 每個學生都可有一本書。

2) every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個),each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個)。

3) every 只作形容詞,不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4) every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語。

5) every 有反覆重複的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。

6) every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。

Every man is not honest. 並非每個人都誠實。

Each man is not honest. 這兒每個人都不誠實。

3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none

這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之後,行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之後。

1) both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個), neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用範圍為兩個人或物。

Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都不聰明。

2) both,either

both與複數連用,either與單數連用。

Both the boys are clever.  兩個男孩都很聰明。

Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。

There are flowers on both sides of the street.

(兩岸)

There are flowers on either side of the street.

(岸的兩邊)

路邊長滿了野花。

3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個), none (都不)。 以上詞使用範圍為三者以上。

All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。

I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。

注意:all與none用法一樣。跟單數名詞,用單數動詞;跟複數名詞,用複數動詞。

 All of the students are there.

   所有的學生都在那。

 All (of) the milk is there. 

   所有的牛奶都在那。

3.19 many, much

Many,much都意為"許多", many + 可數名詞,much + 不可數名詞。

How many people are there at the meeting?

How much time has we left?

Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

3.20 few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞

a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點

few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了。

He has a few friends.   他有幾個朋友。

He has few friends.    他幾乎沒有朋友。

We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。

There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什麼時間了。

典型例題:

Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.

A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few

答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數,只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的讓步狀語從句,由句意知後句為否定含義,因此應用little表示幾乎不。

固定搭配:

only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many)

many a (=many)

Many books were sold.

Many a book was sold.

賣出了許多書。

形容詞和副詞

4.1 形容詞及其用法

形容詞修飾名詞,説明事物或人的性質或特徵。通常,可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敍述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

1) 直接説明事物的性質或特徵的形容詞是性質形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。

2) 敍述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬於這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。

(錯) He is an ill man.

(對) The man is ill.

(錯) She is an afraid girl.

(對) The girl is afraid.

這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之後,例如:

something nice

4.2 以-ly結尾的形容詞

1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,  ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。

改錯:(錯) She sang lovely.

(錯) He spoke to me very friendly.

(對) Her singing was lovely.

(對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。

daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early

The Times is a daily paper.

The Times is published daily.

4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體

1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的複數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry

The poor are losing hope.

2) 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的複數連用。

the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.

The English have wonderful sense of humor.

4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為:

限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質,類別--名詞

a small round table

a tall gray building

a dirty old brown shirt

a famous German medical school

an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例題:

1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. 

A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two

答案:C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質--名詞"的公式可知數詞,描繪詞,性質依次順序,只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

A. old Chinese stone   B. Chinese old stone  C. old stone Chinese  D. Chinese stone old

答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last

答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關係密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節少的形容詞在前,音節多的方在後,在不能確定時,可參照下表:

限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在後)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+

those + three + beautiful + large + square 

新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞

old + brown + wood + table

4.5 副詞及其基本用法

副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。

一、副詞的位置:

1) 在動詞之前。

2) 在be動詞、助動詞之後。 

3) 多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞後。

注意:

a. 大多數方式副詞位於句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。

He speaks English well.

二、副詞的排列順序:

1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在後。

2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在後,並用and或but等連詞連接。

Please write slowly and carefully.

3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。

注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。

改錯:(錯) I very like English.

  (對) I like English very much.

注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的後面,形容詞enough放在名詞前後都可。

  I don't know him well enough.

  There is enough food for everyone to eat.

  There is food enough for everyone to eat.

4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞

1) close與closely

close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely.

2) late 與lately

late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"

You have come too late.

What have you been doing lately?

3) deep與deeply

deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"

He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high與highly

high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當於much

The plane was flying high.

I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide與widely

wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方"

He opened the door wide.

English is widely used in the world.

6) free與freely

free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

You may speak freely; say what you like.

4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級

大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。

1) 規則變化

單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。

構成法    原級    比較級  最高級     

一般單音節詞  tall(高的)   taller  tallest

未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater  greatest   

以不發音的e結尾 nice(好的)   nicer  nicest

的單音詞和少數  large(大的)  larger  largest

以- le結尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler  ablest

音節詞只加-r,-st                   

以一個輔音字母 big(大的)    bigger  biggest

結尾的閉音節單 hot熱的)    hotter  hottest

音節詞,雙寫結

尾的輔音字母,

再加-er,-est                     

"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的)  easier  easiest

結尾的雙音節詞,busy(忙的)   busier  busiest

改y為i,再加

-er,-est                       

少數以-er,-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest

結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的)  narrower narrowest

未尾加-er,-est                    

其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的) 

多音節詞,在前      more important

面加more,most            most important

來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)

最高級。         more easily  

                most easily   

2) 不規則變化

原級     比較級   最高級          

good(好的)/    better    best

well(健康的)                      

bad (壞的)/     worse     worst

ill(有病的)                      

old (老的)     older/elder oldest/eldest     

much/many(多的)   more      most        

little(少的)    less     least        

far (遠的)   farther/further  farthest/furthest   

4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as

1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。

He cannot run so/as fast as you.

2)當as… as 中間有名詞時採用以下格式。

as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞

as + many/much +名詞

This is as good an example as the other is.

I can carry as much paper as you can..

3)用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時,放在as的前面。

This room is twice as big as that one.

Your room is the same size as mine.  

4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數+ then + of

This bridge is three times as long as that one.

This bridge is three times the length of that one.

Your room is twice as large as mine.

Your room is twice the size of mine.

4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than

You are taller than I.

They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意:

1)要避免重複使用比較級。

(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.

(對) He is more clever than his brother.

(對) He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。

(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.

(對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意對應句型,遵循前後一致的原則。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意冠詞的使用,後有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。

比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia?

  Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

  She is taller than her two sisters.

  She is the taller of the two sisters.

4.10 可修飾比較級的詞

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。

3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置於比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。

典型例題:   

1) ---- Are you feeling ____? 

---- Yes,I'm fine now.

A. any well B. any better C. quite good

D. quite better  

答案:B. any 可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better.

2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. 

A. more  B. much more   C. much  

D. more much

答案:C. much可修飾比較級,因此B,C都説得通,但easier本身已是比較級,不需more,因此C為正確答案。

3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. 

A. the happiest time  B. a more happier time 

C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time

答案:D。

4.11 many,old 和 far

1) 如果後接名詞時, much more +不可數名詞

       many more +可數名詞複數   

2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用於兄弟姐妹的長幼關係。

My elder brother is an engineer.

Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far 有兩種比較級,farther,further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。

在美語中,father 表示距離,further表示進一步。

I have nothing further to say.

4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較範圍

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。

形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。

It is a most important problem.

=It is a very important problem.

注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較範圍內。

(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列詞可修飾最高級,by far, far, much, mostly, almost

This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.

注意:

a.  very可修飾最高級,但位置與much不同。

   This is the very best.

   This is much the best.

b.  序數詞通常只修飾最高級。

   Africa is the second largest continent.

3) 句型轉換:

Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "否定詞語+比較級","否定詞語+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。

     Nothing is so easy as this.

    =Nothing is easier than this.

    =This is the easiest thing.

4.13 和more有關的詞組

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……

The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.

2) more B than A 與其説A不如説B

less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.

= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

3) no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

no less… than… 與……一樣……

He is no less diligent than you.

4) more than 不只是,非常

She is more than kind to us all.

典型例題

1)The weather in China is different from____.

A. in America  B. one in America  C. America

D. that in America

答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C不能選。A沒有名詞,後句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用來代替可數名詞,而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選D。

2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as

答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。

This ruler is three times as long as that one.

動詞

5.1 系動詞

系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,後邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構説明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。

説明:

有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語,例如:

He fell ill yesterday. 

他昨天病了。(fell是系動詞,後跟補足語,説明主語情況。)

He fell off the ladder. 

他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實義動詞,單獨作謂語。

1)狀態系動詞

用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:

He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補足語一起説明主語的身份。)

2)持續系動詞

用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.  他開會時總保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一個謎。

3)表像系動詞

用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:

He looks tired.  他看起來很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起來很傷心。

4)感官系動詞

感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

This kind of cloth feels very soft. 

這種布手感很軟。

This flower smells very sweet. 

這朵花聞起來很香。

5)變化系動詞

這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如:

He became mad after that.  自那之後,他瘋了。

She grew rich within a short time.  她沒多長時間就富了。

6)終止系動詞

表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, trun out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如:

The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。

The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。

His plan turned out a success.  他的計劃終於成功了。(turn out表終止性結果)

5.2 什麼是助動詞

1)協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞(Main Verb)。

助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:

He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。

(doesn't是助動詞,無詞義;like是主要動詞,有詞義)

2) 助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用,可以用來:

a. 表示時態,例如:

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已結婚。

b. 表示語態,例如:

He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。

c. 構成疑問句,例如:

Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎?

Did you study English before you came here?  你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?

d. 與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,例如:

I don't like him.  我不喜歡他。

e. 加強語氣,例如:

Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。

He did know that.  他的確知道那件事。

3) 最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

5.3 助動詞be的用法

1) be +現在分詞,構成進行時態,例如:

They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。

English is becoming more and more important. 英語現在越來越重要。

2) be + 過去分詞,構成被動語態,例如:

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是湯姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。

3) be + 動詞不定式,可表示下列內容:

a. 表示最近、未來的計劃或安排,例如:

He is to go to New York next week.. 他下週要去紐約。

We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。

説明: 這種用法也可以説成是一種將來時態表達法。

b. 表示命令,例如:

You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。

c. 徵求意見,例如:

How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答覆他?

Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢?

d. 表示相約、商定,例如:

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。

5.4 助動詞have的用法

1)have +過去分詞,構成完成時態,例如:

He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 

上月未為止,他們已經完成工作的一半。

2)have + been +現在分詞,構成完成進行時,例如:

I have been studying English for ten years.

我一直在學英語,已達十年之久。

3)have+been +過去分詞,構成完成式被動語態,例如:

English has been taught in China for many years.

中國教英語已經多年。

5.5 助動詞do 的用法

1) 構成一般疑問句,例如:

Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學英語測試嗎?

Did you study German? 你們學過德語嗎?

2) do + not 構成否定句,例如:

I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批評。

He doesn't like to study.  他不想學習。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去,好多學生不知道英語的重要性。

3) 構成否定祈使句,例如:

Don't go there. 不要去那裏。

Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這麼心不在焉。

説明: 構成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。

4) 放在動詞原形前,加強該動詞的語氣,例如:

Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。

I did go there. 我確實去那兒了。

I do miss you. 我確實想你。

5) 用於倒裝句,例如:

Never did I hear of such a thing.  我從未聽説過這樣的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.

只有在開始大學生活時我們才認識到英語的重要性。

説明: 引導此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6) 用作代動詞,例如:

---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?

---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動詞,代替like Beijing.)

He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?

他知道如何開車,對吧?

5.6 助動詞shall和will的用法

shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構成一般將來時,例如:

I shall study harder at English.  我將更加努力地學習英語。

He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。

説明:

在過去的語法中,語法學家説shall用於第一人稱,will 只用於第二、第三人稱。現在,尤其是在口語中,will常用於第一人稱,但shall只用於第一人稱,如用於第二、第三人稱,就失去助動詞的意義,已變為情態動詞,試比較:

He shall come. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)

He will come. 他要來。(will只與動詞原形構成一般將來時。)

5.7 助動詞should,would的用法

1)should無詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,只用於第一人稱,例如:

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.

我昨天給他打電話,問他我下週幹什麼。

比較:

"What shall I do next week?" I asked.

"我下週幹什麼?"我問道。(可以説,shall變成間接引語時,變成了should。)

2) would也無詞義,是will的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,用於第二、第三人稱,例如:

He said he would come.  他説他要來。

比較:

"I will go," he said. 他説:"我要去那兒。"

變成間接引語,就成了:

He said he would come. 

原來的will變成would,go變成了come.。

5.8 短語動詞

動詞加小品構成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)。例如:

Turn off the radio. 把收音機關上。(turn off是短語動詞)

短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種:

1) 動詞+副詞,如:black out;

2) 動詞+介詞,如:look into;

3) 動詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統稱為小品詞(Particle)。

5.9 非謂語動詞

在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。

1)不定式

時態語態    主動      被動         

一般式    to do      to be done

完成式    to have done  to have been done

2)動名詞

時態語態    主動      被動         

一般式    doing     being done

完成式    having done  having been done

3)分詞

時態語態    主動      被動         

一般式    doing     being done

完成式    having done  having been done    

否定形式: not +不定式, not + 動名詞, not + 現在分詞

動名詞

6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語

1)作主語

Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

南方與北方開戰了。

2)作賓語 

a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth

admit 承認   appreciate 感激,讚賞 avoid 避免    

complete 完成  consider 認為     delay 耽誤   deny 否認    detest 討厭      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜歡   escape 逃脱      prevent阻止

fancy 想象   finish 完成      imagine 想象   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推遲        practise 訓練  recall 回憶      resent 討厭     resist 抵抗   resume 繼續      risk 冒險

suggest 建議  face 面對       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 寬恕         keep 繼續

舉例:

(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   

b. 詞組後接doing

admit to   prefer…to    be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to     be busy    look forward to to為介詞)

no good, no use, It's worth…,  as well as,

can't help, It's no use /good  be tired of

be fond of  be capable of  be afraid of 

be proud of  think of / about  hold off    

put off  keep on  insist on  count on / upon

set about  be successful in  good at  take up

give up  burst out  prevent … from… 

3)作表語

Her job is washing,cleaning and taking care of the children.

6.2 worth 的用法

worth,worthy,worth-while都為adj. 意為"值得"。

1. worth: be worth + n.  當名詞為金錢時,表示"…… 值得……"

be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy:be worthy of +n. 當名詞為抽象名詞時表示"……值得……"

be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while: be worth-while to do sth  "值得做某事"

worth while: It is worth while doing sth

      It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例題

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.

h hy h-while h while

答案C. 由worth的用法可知,此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。

動詞不定式

7.1 不定式作賓語

1) 動詞+ 不定式

afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake

舉例: 

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。

I want to speak to Tom.  我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.  我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的錄音機,我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數。

The question is how to put it into practice.

問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

7.2 不定式作補語

1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)

advise   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel   consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report  request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 

例句:

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       

父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。

b. We believe him to be guilty.

我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法:

Find 後可用分詞做賓補,或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最後加帶to 的動詞不定式。find後也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get,have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例題:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 

A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  

答案:的賓語後面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動,也表達正在進行,過去分詞表達被動。

2) to + be 的不定式結構,作補語的動詞。

Acknowledge,  believe, consider,  think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以為),   understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 

A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 

答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只説明發明這一個事實,不定式後用原形即可。而C為現在完成時,發明為點動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強調對現在的影響,因此不選C。

3) to be +形容詞

Seem,     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人們認為這本書沒什麼意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那麼多人在哪裏。

注意 : 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語,如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。

Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

7.3 不定式主語

1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  

the first,  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

當你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。

Kind, nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西,這顯得太自私了。

注意:1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用於此句型

2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數形式。

3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型

 (對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。

 (錯)It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1)for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult,  interesting, impossible等:

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來説學兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法:

用介詞後面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:

You are nice. (通順,所以應用of)。

He is hard. (人是困難的,不通

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