直接引語和間接引語詳解與專練 備課資料

直接引述別人的話，叫“直接引語”。用自己的話轉述別人的話，叫“間接引語”。

間接引語在多數情況下構成賓語從句。直接引語一般前後要加引號，間接引語不用引號。例如：

John said, “I like reading adventure stories.”

約翰説：“我喜歡看歷險故事。”（直接引語）

John said that he liked reading adventure stories.

約翰説她喜歡看歷險故事。（間接引語）

那麼直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉換為間接引語時，句子的結構，人稱、時態、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢?

1、人稱的轉變

1）直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉換為第三人稱，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.”

-->He said that he was very sorry.

2）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉述人説的，轉換為第一人稱，如：

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.

-->My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱説的，轉換成第三人稱。如：

She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”

-->She told her son that she would check his homework that night.

4）人稱的轉換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”

-->He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

口訣記憶為 ：一主、二賓、三不變

2.時態的轉換

直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）的謂語動詞在時態方面要作相應的變化，變成過去時範疇的各種時態（實際也是賓語從句的時態要求），變化如下：

1.

直接引語 間接引語

一般現在時 一般過去時

現在進行時 過去進行時

現在完成時 過去完成時

一般過去時

過去完成時

一般將來時 過去將來時

can could

may might

2.例如：“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.

-->She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”

-->Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”

-->Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”

-->He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.

-->The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?”

-->Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”

-->Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”

-->He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

3、直接引語變成間接引語時，從句時態無須改變的情況

1）當主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時的時候，如：

He always says, “I am tired out.”

-->He always says that he is tired out.

2）當主句的謂語動詞是將來時的時候，如：

He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.”

-->He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3）當直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時，如：

He said, “I went to college in 1994.”

-->He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4）當直接引語中有以when, while引導的從句，表示過去的時間時，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”

-->He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5）當直接引語是客觀真理或自然現象時，如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”

-->Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6）當引語是諺語、格言時，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.”

-->He said that practice makes perfect.

7）當直接引語中有情態動詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need時，如：

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”

-->The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”

--> He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”

-->He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”

-->The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.

She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”

--> She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕：此處用had to代替must更好

8）此外轉述中的變化要因實際情況而定，不能機械照搬，如果當地轉述，here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為go，如果當天轉述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變。如：

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

3、時間狀語、地點狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動詞變化

直接引語 間接引語

指示

代詞 this 這 that那

these 這些 those那些

時

間

狀

語 now現在 then那時

today今天 that day那天

this week (month,etc)

本星期（月等） that week(month,etc)

那個星期（月等）

yesterday昨天 the day before前一天

the day before yesterday前天 two days before前兩天

last week(year,etc)

上星期（去年） the week (year,etc.)before

前一週（年等）

three days (a year,etc.) ago. three days (a year,etc,)before

tomorrow the next (following)day

the day after tomorrow two days later(in two days time)

過兩天

next week (year,etc)

下星期（明年等） the next (following) week (year,etc)

下一週（第二年等）

地點狀語 here這裏 there那裏

動詞 come來

bring go去

take

例如：He said, ”I want to go swimming now. ”

→ He said he wanted to go swimming then.

The teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.”

→The teacher said I should go there at 7:00.

She said, “I won't come here any more.”

→She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..

He said, "This books is mine.“

→He said that book was his.

4、直接引語變成間接引語，句子結構的變化

1）直接引語為陳述句。用連詞that引導，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可直用接引語中的said, 也可用told來代替，注意，可以説said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接説told that, 如：

He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”

-->He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”

-->He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.

（不可説told that）

此外主句中的謂語還常有：

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：

He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”

--> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.

如果間接引語是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的並列從句，第一個連詞可以省略，以後的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。

The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”

-->The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2）直接引語為一般疑問句，間接引語用連詞whether或if引導，原主句中謂語動詞said要改為asked（me/him/us等），語序是陳述句的語序，這一點非常重要。

He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”

-->He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”

-->He asked whether I was interested in English.

3） 直接引語為選擇疑問句，間接引語用whether…or…表達，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如：

He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”

-->He asked me whether I spoke English or French..

I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”

-->I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4）直接引語為特殊疑問句，改成間接引語時，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask（sb.）來表達，語序改為陳述句語序。如：

He asked，“What's your name?”

--> He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”

-->He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5）直接引語為祈使句時，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句變成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉變），並且在不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態都作相應的變化。如：

He said，“Be seated, please.”

--> He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.

-->He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.

-->The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.

“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said.

-->The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6）有些含有“建議”“勸告”的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等動詞轉述，如：

He said, “Let's have a rest.”

--> He suggested our having a rest.

He said, “Let me help you.”

--> He offered to help me.

7）當直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示請求，建議意義時，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式轉述。如：

“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked.

-->He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us.

-->He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

8）直接引語是感歎句時，變間接引語可用what或how引導，也可用that引導，如：

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

--> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.

5. 一些注意事項

(1)直接引語是客觀事實、普遍真理等，變成間接引語時，時態不變。例如：

They told their son,"The earth goes round the sun."

→They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.

(2)直接引語變間接引語時，

指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應的變化。如：this/that→ these/those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last year→the year before, ago→before, here→there等。例如：

He said, "I haven't seen her today."

→He said that he hadn't seen her that day.

注意：如果轉述時就在原來的地方，就在説話的當天，就不必改變指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等。

(3)間接引語一般要用陳述句的語序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如：

He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"

→He asked Lucy where she went.

Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"

→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.

直接引語和間接引語專項練習

1. “You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.

→She asked ________.

A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you

B. whether I had already got well

C. have I already got well

D. had I already got well.

2. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?”

→He asked me _________.

A. am I a Party member or a League member

B. was I a Party member or a League member

C. if I was a Party member or a League member

D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.

3. He asked, “How are you getting along?” →He asked _______.

A. how am I getting along

B. how are you getting along

C. how I was getting along

D. how was I getting along

4. He asked me ________ with me.

A. what the matter is B. what the mater was

C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter

5. He said, “Don’t do that again.” He _____ me _______ that again.

A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do

C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do

6. Can you make sure ___________?

A. that he will come here today B. when he will come here today

C. will he come here today D. whether will he come here today

7. Do you happen to know ________?

A. where is her address B. in which place is her address

C. what her address is D. the place her address is

8. Excuse me, but can you tell me ___________?

A. where can I get to the library B. where I can get to the library

C. how can I get to the library D. how I can get to the library

9. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle’s farm with him.

A. how would I like B. if or not would I like

C. whether I would like D. which I would like

10. I’d like to know ________ Chinese.

A. when he began to learn B. when did he begin to learn

C. when did he begin learning D. for how long he began to learn

II. 將下列句子變為間接引語：

1. “You should be more careful next time,” his father said to him.

2. Mr. Wang said, “I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children”

3. “I haven’t heard from my parents these days,” said Mary.

4. The geography teacher said to us, “The moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.”

5. She said to him, “It’s time that you left here.”

6. Zhang Hong said to me, “Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.”

7. John said to his parents, “I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of

last term.”

8. The history teacher said to them, “The Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st ,

1921.”

9. He said, “Are you a student?”

10. “Have you anything interesting I can read, George?” she said.

11. “She’s here to ask for help, isn’t she?” he asked.

12. “Where are you going?” the father asked his son.

13. “Are you sorry for what you have done?” the mother asked the naughty boy.

14. She said, “Did you meet this man at the station two hours ago, Mr. Li?”

15. “Write your names on your papers first,” the teacher said to us.

16. “Please come here again tomorrow,” her friend said to her.

17. “Let me pack the parcel for you,” he said.

18. “Don’t make so much noise in class, boys and girls,” said the teacher.

19. “What a lovely day it is!”

20. “Happy New Year to you!” he said.

III. 把下列句子變為直接引語：

1. I told him that I had lost my money and that I would find it.

2. She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.

3. I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.

4. His father told him not to climb that high tree in his new coat.

5. The stranger asked me what my name was.

6. She said that she would finish her work the next day.

7. The teacher asked if we could do it.

8. The commander ordered his men not to cross the river before dawn.

9. My teacher asked whether he was coming.

10. The scientist asked me what I was doing.

答案

I. 1~5 B C C D D 6~10 A C D C A

II.

1. His father told him that he should be more careful the next time.

2. Mr. Wang told the children that he would leave for Shanghai on business the next month.

3. Mary said that she hadn’t heard from her parents those days.

4. The geography teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.

5. She told him that it was time that he left there.

6. Zhang Hong told me that Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.

7. John told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.

8. The history teacher told them that the Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 192

9. He asked whether I was a student.

10. She asked George if he had anything interesting she could read.

11. He asked whether she was there to ask for help or not.

12. The father asked his son where he was going.

13. The mother asked the naughty boy if he was sorry for what he had done.

14. She asked Mr. Li whether he had met that man at the station two hours before.

15. The teacher told us to write our names on our papers first.

16. Her friend asked her to go there again the next/ following day.

17. He offered to pack the parcel for me.

18. The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise in class.

19. He/ She exclaimed that it was really a lovely day.

20. He wished me a Happy New Year.

III.

1. I said to him, “I have lost my money . I will find it.”

2. She asked , “ You will be free tomorrow, won’t you?”

3. I asked her, “Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?”

4. His father said, “Don’t climb this high tree in your new coat.”

5. The stranger asked, “ What’s your name?”

6. “I’ll finish my work tomorrow,” she said.

7. The teacher asked, “Can you do it ?”

8. The commander ordered his men, “Don’t cross the river before dawn.”

9. My teacher asked, “Is he coming?”

10. The scientist asked me, “What are you doing?”